标题
The Dialectics of Constitutionally Guaranteed Rights and LGBT Laws in Nigeria
摘要
This paper examines the contradiction inherent in the constitutionally guaranteed rights and freedoms; in the Nigerian Constitution, and in the African Charter ratified and domesticated as part of the legal regime in Nigeria and other international instruments as against the enactment of the Laws against same sex in Nigeria. The Nigerian Constitution and of course the African Charter have ample provisions for the rights of the citizens: Prominent among these rights is the right of non-discrimination as to circumstances of birth, sex, culture or religion. The sexual orientation of a citizen ought to be within the private life of the individual involved and against whom to associate is simply a choice. The Penal Laws in Nigeria; the Penal Code, Criminal Code and the Sharia Penal Code prohibit what is called Unnatural Offences and in some extreme situation the punishment is death penalty. The coming into effect of Same Sex Marriage Prohibition Act of 2014 does not only outlaw same sex, it criminalises same with fourteen years imprisonment. The Act goes ahead to prohibit gay clubs and organisation and places liability on witnesses to same sex marriage. The question that has arisen for determination is: Are these laws not in conflict with the unambiguous provisions in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria? The constitution is the ground norm of every democratic society, the foundation on which every other law takes its root including religion and culture. This research discovers that the prohibition or discrimination of LGBTS is purely a cultural and religious phenomena rather than legal. This research is doctrinal and only primary sources like statutes and secondary sources will be used. It is recommended that if Nigeria and of course many African Nations must fit into the comity of nations, the equality and rights of all citizens must be guaranteed and letters of the constitution must be obeyed to the latter
研究问题
本文探讨了尼日利亚宪法保障的权利与自由之间的矛盾,尤其是在尼日利亚宪法及非洲宪章的规定与针对同性行为的法律之间的冲突。尼日利亚宪法和非洲宪章都明确规定了公民的权利,尤其是关于性别、文化和宗教等方面的不歧视权利。公民的性取向应该属于个人的私生活,谁与谁交往纯粹是个人选择。然而,尼日利亚的刑法,包括刑法典、刑事法典以及伊斯兰教法典,都禁止所谓的“不自然罪行”,在一些极端情况下,处罚可能包括死刑。此外,2014年通过的《同性婚姻禁止法》不仅禁止同性婚姻,还对同性行为进行刑事处罚,最高刑期可达十四年,并禁止同性恋俱乐部和组织,甚至对目击同性婚姻的证人追究责任。由此产生的问题是:这些法律是否与尼日利亚宪法中明确规定的条款相冲突?宪法是每个民主社会的根本规范,是所有其他法律(包括宗教和文化)的基础。本研究发现,LGBT群体的禁止或歧视本质上是文化和宗教现象,而非法律问题。本研究采取学说研究方法,主要使用初级和次级来源,如法令和文献资料。
方法与数据
本研究采用学说研究方法,主要依赖初级资料(如尼日利亚宪法、刑法典、刑事法典、伊斯兰教法典及《同性婚姻禁止法》等法律文件)以及次级资料(如学术文献、法律评论及相关研究)。通过对这些法律条文的分析,研究探讨了尼日利亚宪法中关于公民基本权利的规定与实际法律实施之间的冲突。此外,还通过文献回顾,深入讨论了文化和宗教对同性恋禁令的影响,从而分析尼日利亚及部分非洲国家如何在全球法律和人权框架下对待LGBT群体的权利。
研究发现
本研究发现,尽管尼日利亚宪法在第四章中对公民的人权做出了充分规定,但这些权利,特别是LGBT群体的权利,仍然受到政府的侵害。政府通过《刑法典》、《刑事法典》和适用于尼日利亚12个北部州的《伊斯兰教法典》等立法,实施对同性恋行为的限制。《同性婚姻禁止法》2013年通过后,进一步剥夺了基于性取向的公民权利,挑战了宪法的至高无上性。研究建议,应该修改那些侵犯尼日利亚部分群体基本权利的法律条文,以确保宪法的至高无上性。 LGBT权利的概念是不断发展的,西方国家在某些历史时期也曾经历过类似的争议,例如美国在2015年通过奥伯格费尔诉霍奇斯案最终合法化同性婚姻。为了推动尼日利亚LGBT群体的权利,应当加强对公众和政府的意识教育,提升其对LGBT权利作为人权的认识。建议通过非政府组织和人权组织的倡导,游说尼日利亚国会修改宪法,确保宪法不会被政府部门通过立法侵犯公共道德的名义所削弱。同时,应加强对人权律师的支持,帮助他们捍卫性少数群体在遭受安全机构和社区成员侵害时的基本权利。