标题
A “Phoenix” rising from the ashes: China’s Tongqi, marriage fraud, and resistance
摘要
There are significant numbers of women in China who have inadvertently married closeted gay men. Women in China who unwittingly marry closeted gay men are known as Tongqi (同妻), and these women often discover their husband's secret only after giving birth to fulfill filial obligations. These women taken into this “marriage fraud” are initially unaware of their husbands’ sexual orientation. Because China's divorce law favors men, even if the wife files for divorce, the husband often wins custody of children. The tendency to blame the woman who have unwittingly married gay men extends even to the woman's own immediate families. These women suffer heightened risk of not only physical death from AIDS and other diseases, but also psychological death through the loss of physical mobility, alienation of kin, and death of their heterosexual marriage identity. This article extends necropolitics to the social death situations of 12 educated and 47 low-educated Tongqi and reveals how they resist and overcome their circumstances. Tongqi are the women who have unwittingly married gay men of violations involving their own marriage, but they are not simply waiting for death. Taking an ethnographical approach, this work uses the social death concept of necropolitics to provide understanding of how marriage and gender laws perpetuate these dysfunctional unions.
研究问题
本研究探讨了中国“同妻”(Tongqi)的社会现象,即不知情地嫁给同性恋男性的女性群体,及其面对的性别不平等、社会和文化压力。本研究问题包括:1)同妻如何体现了“死生政治”(necropolitics)中“被维持生命却处于受伤状态”的特点?2)这种“创伤”如何嵌入中国文化、性别角色及性少数群体的社会动态?3)同妻如何通过抗争和展现主体性来抵抗性别压迫、社会污名和“慢性暴力”?通过对59名东北地区同妻的田野访谈,研究分析了个人体验、社会文化互动及政策影响,探索如何在现有框架下支持同妻改善生活并重新建立社会身份。
方法与数据
本研究采用了多阶段的定性研究方法,结合田野调查和半结构化访谈。研究通过两轮数据收集完成:第一组数据来源于2015至2018年间对天津一家高端同志酒吧的田野调查,期间采访了150名已婚与未婚男同性恋性工作者(MBs),并通过他们与49名“同妻”建立联系;第二组数据通过与12个LGBT NGO合作,采用滚雪球抽样,在北方农村地区直接联系了10名“同妻”。最终,共对59名“同妻”(47名低学历、12名高学历)进行了访谈。研究内容包括婚姻动态、发现丈夫性取向后的反应、健康风险(如艾滋感染)、离婚与维持现状的决策等。访谈以普通话进行,使用主题分析法,通过NVivo软件编码和分析数据。为保护受访者隐私,研究使用化名并对个别背景信息进行了修改,同时确保访谈内容的真实性与原意表达。
研究发现
本研究发现,“同妻”现象反映了中国深受传统文化与社会政策影响的性别不平等和对同性恋的污名化。在发现丈夫性取向后,“同妻”陷入了一种“酷儿死生政治”(queer necropolitics)状态,经历社会性的“死亡”,但她们展现了抗争和重建生活的能力。研究揭示了这些女性如何被标签化为“被酷儿化的异性恋者”,挑战了传统的“直/酷儿”二元框架。研究还指出,当前针对婚姻和性别的社会文化政策忽视了性取向不匹配的婚姻问题,这种政策和文化环境鼓励同性恋男性通过异性婚姻隐藏身份,最终伤害了女性及家庭。为减少社会污名,研究建议从政策改革、文化转变和心理咨询等方面入手,为“同妻”提供支持,同时推动社会对同性恋的接纳与理解。研究同时指出了局限性,包括数据范围仅限于中国北方某省,以及样本以男同性恋性工作者为主,不足以代表整体同性恋人群,呼吁未来在更广泛的文化和地域背景下深入研究。