标题
The (im)possibilities of queer girlhoods: Chinese girls negotiating queerness and filial piety
摘要
This paper examines the experiences of nine Chinese girls and young women as they explore and negotiate queer subjectivities within the constraints of patriarchal and (hetero)sexual norms surrounding girlhood and young femininity. I focus on filial piety (xiaoshun) as a normative gendered discourse being reconfigured in changing gender, familial and other power dynamics in China. I argue that the discourse of filial piety continues to naturalise a heteronormative girlhood that will smoothly transition into young womanhood prepared to take on responsibilities of ‘getting married and having kids’. This narrative, however, is in tensions with girls and young women’s diversified expressions of sexualities. Through the participants’ own accounts of queer explorations, I demonstrate how they actively engage and reflect on these tensions with familial and filial discourses while navigating the (im)possibilities of becoming queer girls across varied socioeconomic and family backgrounds. The findings of this study offered new insights into how familism and filial piety are woven into Chinese gender and sexual politics and being constantly (re)negotiated. My conceptualisation of queer girlhoods in China shows how queer girls and young women are marginalised in and around family. In the meantime, it demonstrates the emergent strategies of queer resistance and negotiations of filial piety through delaying marriage and managing familial intimacy.
研究问题
本研究聚焦于以下研究问题:在后社会主义中国的社会文化背景下,女孩和年轻女性如何在探索酷儿身份的过程中,协商与孝道相关的性别与性规范?这种协商如何反映和重构了家庭、性别、婚姻与酷儿身份之间的复杂关系?
方法与数据
本文采用在线定性研究方法,结合半结构式访谈和社交媒体日记,通过微博平台招募来自不同背景的21名中国女孩和年轻女性(16至22岁),研究她们在后社会主义中国背景下的性别与性探索体验。研究分两阶段进行,第一阶段为微博上的性别议题追踪和参与者招募,第二阶段通过两轮访谈与10周的社交媒体日记收集数据,其中9位参与者分享了她们在家庭环境中探索酷儿欲望与关系的经历。研究遵循女权参与式方法学,强调与参与者建立互惠关系,通过鼓励参与式决策和多模态表达(如绘画、截图、短篇故事等),赋予年轻女性更多主体性,同时严格遵循伦理要求,如获取父母同意并保障参与者自主权。
研究发现
本研究发现,孝道构成了父权制与异性恋规范塑造女孩童年的关键话语,通过禁止性自主、期待婚姻与生育,规范了传统的女孩成长路径。然而,本文揭示了酷儿女孩主体性的崛起,她们在面对婚姻与生育义务时,采取抗争或战略性延迟的方式,同时反思并尝试重新配置孝道规范。研究表明,数字平台不仅为她们获取性知识和表达酷儿欲望提供了渠道,在线女权主义话语也促使她们批判性地反思孝道的文化规训。参与者通过教育和职业的力量对抗“结婚生子”的孝道义务,同时将孝道转化为更具主动性的亲密关系维护,这种实践展示了新酷儿规范的雏形。然而,研究也指出,酷儿女孩和年轻女性常需承担“教育父母”的酷儿劳动,以通过家庭关系管理获得认同。 本研究以女权主义与交叉性视角,探讨了酷儿女孩如何在孝道与父权、异性恋规范及其他社会经济权力关系的交织中,挑战并动摇传统权力结构。尽管研究以线上定性方法为主,样本规模较小,仅能提供局部化的视角,但它为理解中国酷儿女孩童年的复杂性和抗争方式提供了有益启示。未来研究应进一步关注学校、社区、父母和教育工作者等社会力量的角色,并探讨如何更好地支持和赋权中国的酷儿女孩和年轻女性。