Qualitative Analysis on the Progress and Difficulty of LGBT Politics in Latin America: Focus on Peru

This article analyzes why some Latin American countries have succeeded in implementing laws that protect the rights of LGBT people, while other countries have not. To address this question, the article focuses on LGBT rights in Peru as a negative case study. Peru has enjoyed economic growth over many years, which is considered one of the key factors for increasing tolerance of the LGBT community by heterosexual people. In addition, some LGBT legislators and parties are fighting to legalize civil unions and same-sex marriage. Nonetheless, the Peruvian Congress rejected the civil union bill despite the struggle of the LGBT Community and their supporters. Since the progressive left-wing party is weak in Peru, the right-wing party does not try to capture leftist followers who tend to show more tolerance for LGBT. The lack of consensus between left-wing politicians has divided and weakened their share of the vote. Therefore, the weakness of progressive left-wing politicians allows right-wing politicians to ignore the rights of LGBT. On the other hand, most of the rigid left-wing politicians receive support from rural areas where modernization has partially permeated, and they must prioritize economic issues rather than sexual ones. Therefore, the gap between urban and rural areas and the stagnation of gender issues allows the rigid leftist and right-wing politicians to ignore sexual diversity. This article concludes that the growth gap between urban and rural areas and strong veto players prevent Congress from approving LGBT people’s rights.

本研究分析了为何拉丁美洲一些国家成功实施了保护LGBT权利的法律，而其他国家未能实现这一点，并以秘鲁为负面案例进行探讨。尽管秘鲁长期保持经济增长，理论上应提高社会对LGBT群体的宽容度，并且部分LGBT议员和政党积极推动同性结合和婚姻合法化，但国会仍然否决了相关法案。进步左翼政党在秘鲁的弱势地位使右翼政党无需争取倾向支持LGBT权利的左翼选民。同时，左翼政治力量内部缺乏共识，导致选票分散，进一步削弱了推动LGBT权利的政治影响力。此外，较为保守的左翼政治势力主要依赖农村选民支持，而这些地区的现代化进程有限，经济议题优先于性别议题。城乡发展差距和性别议题的停滞，使得右翼和部分左翼政治力量均无动力推动LGBT权利立法。最终，城乡经济发展不均衡与强大的否决力量成为国会未能通过LGBT权利法案的关键障碍。

本研究采用案例分析法，以秘鲁作为负面案例，探讨该国未能通过LGBT权利保护法案的原因。研究结合政治学和社会学视角，分析经济发展、政党结构和城乡差距对LGBT权利立法的影响。数据来源包括国会辩论记录、政策文件、选举数据、相关法律文本以及学术研究。此外，研究考察左翼与右翼政党的政治策略，比较不同政治派别对LGBT议题的立场，并分析城乡发展不均衡如何塑造政治决策。通过综合政治经济因素与社会动态，本研究揭示了秘鲁LGBT权利立法受阻的结构性原因。

本研究分析了为何部分拉美国家成功实施LGBT权利保护法律，而秘鲁等国未能实现立法进展。研究指出，尽管秘鲁的LGBT运动不断壮大，并在城市地区赢得了部分政治支持，但强大的否决力量，如宗教和保守派团体，阻碍了相关法案的通过。此外，秘鲁左翼政治力量较弱，导致右翼政党无需争取更具LGBT包容性的选民，而部分左翼政党则因关注农村经济问题而忽视性别议题。城乡发展不均衡和性别议题停滞共同促成LGBT权利立法的困境，但鉴于其他拉美国家在类似条件下仍实现了法律保护，本研究认为需要进一步探讨影响立法成败的关键因素。