Tolerance of homonegativity and transnegativity predicts negative evaluations of LGBT people and LGBT-supportive policies among US-based heterosexual, cisgender participants

Many people in the United States express anti-LGBT attitudes and oppose LGBT rights. These views are perpetuated when others, including allies, tolerate expressions of anti-LGBT bias. In this study, we adapted and validated a measure of tolerance of homonegativity and transnegativity (TOHT), and assessed its associations with evaluations of LGBT people, straight people, support for LGBT rights, and system-justifying ideologies among heterosexual, straight, binary-gendered/non-trans (i.e., cisgender) women and men who identified as liberal, moderate, or conservative (N = 295). Participants completed measures of TOHT, evaluations of LGBT people, support for LGBT rights, authoritarianism, religiosity, and contact with LGBT people. Analyses by gender and political ideology indicated that all groups tolerated anti-LGBT bias to some degree. Among conservatives, women (vs. men) endorsed TOHT more and exhibited less support for LGBT rights; the opposite was true of liberals. As expected, higher TOHT scores were associated with cooler evaluations of LGBT people and less support for LGBT rights. However, after controlling for system justifying motives, that was only significant for conservatives and moderates potentially suggesting that conservatives and liberals may endorse TOHT for different reasons. Overall, findings suggest that groups traditionally regarded as allies (e.g., women, liberals) tolerate attitudes that disadvantage LGBT people.

本研究关注他人对LGBT群体的负面态度（同性恋和跨性别负面性，TOHT）的容忍程度，探讨哪些群体更可能容忍反LGBT偏见。尽管已有大量关于谁反对LGBT平权的研究，但对容忍反LGBT偏见的群体特征仍缺乏深入探讨。研究首先将种族主义容忍（TOR）量表调整为TOHT量表并检验其心理测量学特性，定义TOHT为容忍、接受或不质疑他人的反LGBT态度，哪怕自身并不认同这些观点。研究进一步探讨TOHT在通常支持LGBT权利的群体（如女性、政治自由派）与通常反对LGBT权利的群体（如男性、政治保守派）之间的差异，以及TOHT与LGBT群体评价（如情感温度量表）和支持LGBT政策之间的关联。此外，研究还考察性别和政治意识形态是否调节TOHT与LGBT群体评价及政策支持之间的关系。

本研究采用了多种方法来评估他人对LGBT群体负面态度（同性恋和跨性别负面性，TOHT）的容忍度。参与者通过Prolific平台招募，要求为“女性”或“男性”、自认“异性恋”且不自认跨性别者。共招募了322名参与者，其中295名完成了调查。参与者年龄范围为20至77岁，平均年龄为36.38岁，来自不同种族背景。参与者首先填写适应后的TOHT量表，然后评估LGBT群体的情感温度和对LGBT权利的支持，接着填写与宗教性、威权主义、LGBT接触等相关的量表。TOHT量表包含7个项目，评估对反LGBT态度的容忍度，使用1（强烈不同意）至7（强烈同意）的量表，分数越高表示对他人反LGBT态度的容忍越高。还通过情感温度评分、LGBT权利支持度量表等方式评估参与者对LGBT群体的评价及对相关政策的支持。数据分析包括零阶相关分析、方差分析（ANOVA）、回归分析等，以探讨TOHT与LGBT群体评价、支持LGBT权利以及威权主义、宗教性等因素的关系。

本研究改编了Hunt等人提出的TOR量表，用于评估“容忍反LGBT态度”（TOHT），发现该量表具有良好的适配性和区分效度。结果显示，TOHT得分较高的人对LGBT群体持冷淡态度，且较少支持LGBT权利。保守派女性对TOHT的支持高于保守派男性，而自由派女性则较少支持TOHT。此外，TOHT的影响在保守派和中间派中显著，而在自由派中则不明显，表明不同政治意识形态群体对反LGBT偏见的容忍程度不同。研究还发现，TOHT与其他系统正当化信念如权威主义和宗教信仰有关，且容忍反LGBT偏见的行为和态度在不同群体中存在差异。研究呼吁进一步探讨TOHT的文化差异和在其他群体中的应用，并强调未来需要深入了解“容忍”与实际行动之间的关系。