Lesbian and heterosexual two-parent families: adolescent-parent

This study compared 51 adolescents from intact two-mother planned lesbian families (all conceived through donor insemination) with 51 adolescents from intact mother–father families on their relationships with their parents (parental control, disclosure to parents, and adolescent–parent relationship quality), psychological adjustment (self-esteem, social anxiety, and conduct problems), and substance usage (consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana/hashish). The adolescents (average age 16 years) were matched on demographic characteristics (age, gender, educational level, country of birth, parental birth country) with a sample from a large school-based survey, and data were collected by means of adolescent self-reports. Analyses indicated that adolescents in both family types had positive relationships with their parents, which were favorably associated with psychological well-being. On the assessments of psychological adjustment and substance use, family type was significantly associated only with self-esteem and conduct problems: Adolescents with lesbian mothers had higher levels of self-esteem and lower levels of conduct problems than their counterparts in heterosexual-parent families. Overall, the findings indicate that adolescents from intact two-mother lesbian families are comparable to those in a matched comparison group with intact mother–father families. The few differences found on psychological well-being favored the adolescents in lesbian two-mother families.

这项研究旨在填补现有研究中的空白，通过比较完整的两母同性恋家庭与完整的母父异性恋家庭中的青少年与父母的关系以及青少年福祉，探讨父母的控制行为、青少年对父母的开放程度以及青少年与父母关系的质量如何影响青少年的心理适应，包括自尊、社交焦虑和行为问题，以及物质使用。研究还旨在评估在这两种家庭类型中，青少年与父母的关系、心理适应和物质使用之间的关联是否存在差异，考虑到家庭结构和父母性取向的复杂性。

本研究使用了匹配设计，比较了51名来自计划同性恋两母家庭的青少年与来自异性恋父母家庭的51名青少年在父母关系、心理适应和物质使用方面的差异。研究通过荷兰长期纵向研究中的同性恋家庭数据，以及来自荷兰中学的对比组数据，确保了两组在性别、年龄、教育水平和出生国等方面的相似性。数据通过问卷收集，内容涵盖父母控制行为、青少年向父母透露的程度以及青少年与父母关系质量等多个维度，同时评估了自尊、社交焦虑、行为问题和物质使用情况。分析采用多变量方差分析（MANOVA）和层次回归分析，进一步探讨了青少年与父母关系对心理适应和物质使用的预测作用，并考察了不同家庭类型间的差异。此外，为确保样本充足进行比较，进行了后期统计功效分析。

本研究比较了51名来自完整双母女同性恋计划家庭（均通过捐精受孕）和51名来自完整母亲—父亲家庭的青少年在家长关系（家长控制、向家长披露信息、青少年与家长关系质量）、心理适应（自尊、社交焦虑、行为问题）及物质使用（烟草、酒精、大麻/大麻消费）方面的差异。研究通过青少年自我报告的方式收集数据，并将这些青少年的人口特征（年龄、性别、教育水平、出生国家、家长出生国家）与一项大型学校调查的样本进行了匹配。分析结果显示，两种家庭类型的青少年与家长之间的关系都较为积极，这与心理健康状况之间存在显著的正相关。在心理调适和物质使用方面，家庭类型与自尊和行为问题之间呈现显著关联：与异性恋父母家庭的青少年相比，来自双母女同性恋家庭的青少年自尊水平更高，行为问题的表现较少。总体而言，研究表明，来自双母女同性恋家庭的青少年在心理健康方面与来自母亲—父亲家庭的匹配对照组相当，且在心理健康领域发现的少数差异有利于女同性恋家庭中的青少年。