Attitudes Toward LGBT Marriage and Legal Protections Post-Obergefell

Background Over the last 40 years, there has been a cultural shift in attitudes toward same-sex marriage in the USA. While there has been a great deal of focus on attitudes toward same-sex marriage, there is less research on attitudes toward LGBT discrimination and legal protections against discrimination, especially post-Obergefell. Methods: This study uses data from the American Values Survey conducted in November 2015 and state-level data on LGBTQ equality to examine attitudes toward same-sex marriage and LGBT protections post-Obergefell. Results: Attitudes are generally supportive of LGBT rights though a substantial minority (about 40%) of American adults favor the rights of small businesses to discriminate against LGBT individuals. Those who hold more favorable opinions of Trump are significantly less likely to favor same-sex marriage and LGBT protections against discrimination and more likely to favor exceptions for small business owners than those with unfavorable opinions of Trump. Those living in states that have higher LGBTQ equality rankings are significantly more favorable toward same-sex marriage and legal protections. Conclusions: While we have seen extraordinary change with Obergefell and piecemeal change with state laws around LGBT protections, it is important to be cognizant of the political and social landscape when trying to understand current US public opinions toward same-sex marriage and LGBT protections.

该研究关注美国过去40年同性婚姻态度的文化转变，尤其是在奥伯格费尔案后，关于LGBT歧视和反歧视法律保护的态度较少被研究。研究旨在探讨这一领域的变化，特别是如何看待LGBT群体的歧视和法律保护的实施情况。

本研究使用2015年美国价值观调查数据，样本包括1010名美国成年人，数据涵盖州级LGBTQ平等指标。因变量包括对同性婚姻、LGBT保护和小商户豁免的态度。主要自变量是对特朗普的态度和州级LGBTQ平等水平。控制变量包括性别、年龄、种族、教育、宗教等。分析通过OLS回归来检验假设，结果支持描述性统计，最终结论表明，LGBTQ平等的态度与州级LGBTQ平等水平之间存在显著关系。

本研究探讨了奥伯格费尔判决后、特朗普时代美国公众对同性婚姻和LGBT保护的态度。结果表明，美国多数成年人支持同性婚姻合法化和LGBT人群的法律保护，但大部分反对允许小商户拒绝为LGBT人群提供服务。研究还发现，支持特朗普的个体更倾向于反对同性婚姻和LGBT法律保护，且更支持小商户豁免。此外，居住在LGBTQ平等保护较高的州的人，更支持同性婚姻和LGBT法律保护。年龄、教育程度和宗教信仰也对态度产生影响，年轻人、大学毕业生及非基督教或无宗教信仰者支持同性婚姻和LGBT保护的比例较高。研究还表明，尽管美国社会总体上对LGBT的态度有所改善，但在特朗普总统领导下的反弹可能影响社会容忍度，尤其在低平等保护的州，LGBT人群可能面临双重困境。