标题
Taiwanese Gay Fathers’ Queer Family Making: Toward a Temporal-Relational Path
摘要
Based on 53 in-depth interviews, this article examines the tension between heteronormative timeframes and queer temporalities by exploring how time and relationships were navigated in gay fathers’ reproductive journeys. The right time for reproduction is individually sensed and socially constructed. Relationships facilitate people’s perception of reproductive time. Time and relationships are significant themes in reproduction; however, there is a lack of empirical research engaging with both. This article explores the intricate and dynamic process of how gay fathers responded to heteronormative temporal norms by transforming their reproductive aspirations into reproductive plans. Considering the legal constraints, the only accessible way for Taiwanese gay men to have biologically related children is through transnational reproductive technologies, donor eggs, and surrogacy. The expense intensifies the need for relational support from partners and families-of-origin. The findings show four ‘temporal-relational paths’: chronological-normative, partner-bonded, individual-oriented, and family-motivated toward parenthood. I argue for a more nuanced understanding of gay fathers’ reproductive decision-making beyond the dichotomy of heteronormative repro-timeline and queer anti-family-making temporality by elucidating how gay fathers employed ‘queer temporal repro-agency’ to make families. Toward a temporal-relational path, this article attempts to inspire and call out for future research on practices of queer reproduction in a heteronormative timeframe.
研究问题
这篇文章的研究主题主要探讨了台湾男同性恋父亲如何在异性恋规范的社会时间框架内,通过跨国代孕等方式追求生育和组建家庭。
方法与数据
这篇文章的研究对象是台湾的男同性恋父亲和有意成为父亲的男同性恋者。研究方法主要采用了定性社会学研究,辅以民族志元素。 研究者进行了53次深度访谈,并进行了参与式观察。观察主要在台湾LGBT家庭权益促进会组织的活动中进行,包括生育工作坊、讲座、支持小组聚会等。研究者还收集了照片、田野笔记和社群内部流传的文件资料。通过这些方法,研究者深入了解了gay父亲们如何感知生育时机、如何在关系中导航,以及如何规划和实现他们的生育旅程。研究采用主题分析法处理访谈数据,最终提出了四种“时间-关系路径”的分析框架。
研究发现
这篇文章的研究结论主要强调了台湾男同性恋父亲在追求生育和组建家庭时所展现的复杂性和多样性。研究发现,gay父亲们通过运用“酷儿时间生育能动性”(queer temporal repro-agency),在异性恋规范的时间框架内创造出独特的生育路径。 研究者提出了四种主要的“时间-关系路径”: -年序规范型(Chronological-normative):遵循传统生命历程,如先找到伴侣,然后结婚,最后生育子女。 -伴侣结合型(Partner-bonded):作为一对伴侣共同追求生育。 -个人导向型(Individual-oriented):选择成为单身父亲。 -家庭激励型(Family-motivated):在原生家庭的支持下追求生育。 这些路径反映了gay父亲们如何在时间感知(例如何时生育)和关系处理(如与伴侣、原生家庭的关系)之间做出选择和平衡。每种路径都展示了gay父亲们如何在社会期望、个人愿望和现实条件之间协调,以实现自己的生育计划。 研究结论指出,理解酷儿生育不应局限于简单地遵从或拒绝异性恋规范时间表,而应该采取更加细致和情境化的视角。文章强调,gay父亲们的生育实践既挑战了传统的异性恋生育时间框架,同时也在某种程度上重塑了时间规范。最后,研究呼吁未来对酷儿生育实践进行更多的情境化研究,以深化我们对这一复杂现象的理解。