标题
Queer parents, gendered embodiment and the de-essentialisation of motherhood
摘要
Feminist theorists have long looked to motherhood and mothering behaviour as an important site at which to examine women's lives, gender inequality and the social construction of gendered institutions. One important line of theorisation has concerned itself with the de-essentialisation of motherhood, a project that I argue remains incomplete, as feminist theorisation of motherhood naturalises biological sex and therefore essentialises mothering as behaviour performed by 'female bodies' and fathering behaviour as performed by 'male bodies'. Using two cases from a larger qualitative interview project with LGBTQ parents, I show that current theories of motherhood fail to have explanatory power in cases – such as gay and transgender parents – when gendered embodiment and mothering (and/or fathering) fail to align as expected. I suggest that research related to queer parenting – particularly research on gay male co-parenting, on the experiences of transgender parents and their children, on non-white LGBTQ parents and on mothering from outside the nuclear family – will be especially fruitful in moving the de-essentialisation of mothering in new directions that will further contest heteronormative, cisnormative and nuclear assumptions about the family.
研究问题
这篇文章主要探讨了如何进一步去本质化母职(motherhood)的概念,质疑现有女性主义理论中仍然存在的将母职与女性身体联系在一起的倾向。作者通过分析LGBTQ父母的经验,特别是男同性恋父母和跨性别父母的案例,来挑战传统的母职和父职定义,探讨母职行为是否一定要与特定性别身份或身体特征相关联。研究旨在重新审视我们对“母职”和“父职”的假设,揭示这些概念如何被社会建构,从而为理解和消除性别不平等提供新的视角。
方法与数据
这篇文章的研究对象主要是LGBTQ父母,特别关注男同性恋父母和跨性别父母。研究方法采用了质性研究方法,主要基于作者对18对LGBTQ父母(couples)的深度访谈。文章重点分析了两个案例:一对男同性恋父母(Jack和Mark)和一对包含跨性别父母的夫妇(Molly和Cam)。作者通过这些案例分析,探讨了非传统家庭结构中的育儿实践如何挑战和重塑传统的母职和父职概念。同时,作者也结合了现有的女性主义理论和LGBTQ研究文献,对母职去本质化的理论进行了批判性的审视和拓展。 这篇文章的研究对象来自美国的两个州: 1. 马萨诸塞州(Massachusetts)。研究样本中有一半的夫妇来自这个州。在采访进行时,马萨诸塞州已经合法化同性婚姻和同性伴侣收养,被认为是美国对LGBTQ群体较为友好的地区之一。 2. 德克萨斯州(Texas)。另一半研究对象来自这个州。相比之下,在采访进行时,德克萨斯州尚未合法化同性婚姻,同性伴侣收养也面临困难,社会环境对LGBTQ群体不太友好。 Jack和Mark夫妇来自马萨诸塞州,而Molly和Cam夫妇则来自德克萨斯州。
研究发现
这篇文章的研究结论主要指出,现有的母职理论在解释某些LGBTQ父母的育儿经验时存在局限性,特别是当性别化的身体与母职(或父职)行为不符合传统预期时。研究发现,在同性伴侣和跨性别父母的家庭中,育儿角色和行为并不总是与传统的性别身份或生理特征相对应。例如,男同性恋伴侣中可能有一方被视为“妈妈”,而跨性别父母的经历则进一步挑战了传统的父母角色定义。因此,作者呼吁进一步去本质化母职概念,解构母职与女性身体之间的必然联系,并提出需要更多关于LGBTQ父母、非白人LGBTQ父母以及非核心家庭中母职实践的研究,以推动对家庭、工作场所和性别不平等的更全面理解。