Conception of Sanctions for Same-Sex Marriage Couples in the Perspective of Balinese Customary Law

In Balinese customary law, same-sex sexual intercourse is known as “salah krama”, or sexual intercourse with wrong partners and it is strictly prohibited in Hindu law. The reason is the situation will make the offenders become cuntaka, leteh or impure. The purpose of this study is to analyse and reveal the paradigm of same-sex marriage from the perspective of international law and customary sanctions against same-sex marriage couples in Bali. The type of research used in this study is normative legal research. Based on analysis, the results of this study revealed that the United States government’s policy paradigm regarding same-sex marriage can be seen from the United States Supreme Court Decision which issued a policy that completely changed the existence of the LGBT community in the United States. Furthermore, the concept of customary sanctions against same-sex marriage couples in Bali is made in the form of giving customary sanctions to those practicing LGBT that must be executed strictly. The customary sanctions that can be given take the form of arta danda, sangaskara danda, and jiwa danda

本文探讨了巴厘岛习惯法如何看待同性婚姻，尤其是在国际法和印尼法律框架下对LGBT群体的排斥和制裁。研究关注巴厘岛作为国际旅游目的地，特别是来自合法化同性婚姻国家（如美国）的游客对当地社会和法律的影响。此外，文章分析了印尼宗教和法律体系如何拒绝同性婚姻，指出巴厘岛习惯法将同性性行为视为“salah krama”（错误的结合），认为其导致行为者不洁（cuntaka、leteh）。本文旨在揭示巴厘岛习惯法对同性婚姻的法律与文化立场，并将其与国际法的平等保护原则进行比较。

本研究采用规范性法律研究方法，将法律概念化为成文法（书本中的法律）或作为规范性规则，视为衡量人类行为是否适当的标准。研究结合法规分析、法律概念分析和比较法方法，旨在对研究中存在的问题进行深入剖析。分析过程包括描述问题、解释问题、引用相关法律材料进行评估，并基于评估结果提出论证，最终得出针对研究问题的结论。

美国最高法院关于同性婚姻的裁决标志着政府政策范式的重大转变，该裁决确认婚姻是每对伴侣的基本权利，不能将同性伴侣排除在外，推动了同性婚姻在全国范围的合法化。然而，在巴厘岛，针对同性伴侣的习俗制裁依然严厉，通常包括经济处罚（arta danda）、宗教仪式处罚（sangaskara danda）和精神惩戒（jiwa danda）。这些习俗制裁被视为维持有形世界与无形世界平衡的重要机制，表明地方文化仍在对抗全球性平权政策的影响。